Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) and Therapy Center in Fort Lauderdale, South Florida

The Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Center, located in the heart of Florida, is a leading provider of evidence-based treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. We offer a variety of treatment options tailored to each individual’s needs. Our center, nestled in beautiful Broward County and just a short drive from Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Hollywood, Coral Gables, Key West, and Pompano Beach, is renowned for its exceptional care and commitment to patient well-being.

We understand that coping with Narcissistic Personality Disorder can be daunting, so we’re here to help. At The Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Center, we believe in empowering our patients through comprehensive psychotherapy, outpatient and inpatient programs, medication options, and support groups. If you or a loved one are experiencing symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder, don’t hesitate to reach out. Our dedicated team is ready to provide the support you need. Don’t wait another day – call us today to learn more about our unique treatment programs for Narcissistic Personality Disorder.

Call Now: (877) 958-9212NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER HOTLINE

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a mental health disorder distinguished by an enduring pattern of grandiosity and an insatiable desire for admiration coupled with a deficiency in empathy towards others. Individuals with NPD often have an exaggerated sense of self-importance, believing that they are unique and deserving of special treatment.

More Information on NPD

They may fantasize about unlimited success, power, beauty, or ideal love and expect others to recognize their exceptional qualities. Despite the appearance of self-confidence, individuals with NPD are often highly sensitive to criticism and have fragile self-esteem. When they feel criticized or when their self-esteem is threatened, narcissistic rage is common. This term describes intense, volatile, and often disproportionate reactions.¹ They may exploit others to achieve their own goals, lack genuine interest in the feelings and needs of others, and struggle with forming meaningful relationships due to their preoccupation with their own desires and a lack of empathy.

While some level of narcissistic traits is common in the general population, NPD represents a more extreme and maladaptive expression of these traits, causing significant impairment in various aspects of the individual’s life, including relationships, work, and overall functioning. In addition, treatment for NPD can be challenging, as individuals with this disorder may be resistant to seeking help due to their inflated sense of self-worth and lack of insight into their own narcissistic behavior patterns.²

What Causes NPD?

Narcissistic personality disorder causes are not entirely understood. However, genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors are believed to contribute to its development. Genetic predisposition may play a role, as individuals with a family history of personality disorders may be more susceptible. Neurobiological factors, such as abnormalities in brain structure or function, are also being studied as potential contributors to NPD.

Environmental factors, such as early childhood experiences, particularly those involving excessive praise or criticism, neglect, or abuse, may contribute to the development of narcissistic traits. A lack of consistent and empathetic caregiving during critical stages of growth may hinder the ability to form healthy relationships and develop a realistic sense of self. The interplay of these factors likely contributes to the complex origin of NPD.

Different Types of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

NPD is complex and can manifest in various ways, leading to the recognition of different types or subtypes. The below are illustrative examples rather than a complete list of the range of behaviors and narcissistic traits. The diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) describe a general profile, but NPD’s presentation can vary.³

Grandiosity

Grandiosity in narcissism involves an inflated sense of self-importance, an unwarranted belief in one’s uniqueness, and expectations of special treatment. Individuals with this trait often exhibit entitlement, boasting about achievements and seeking constant admiration. Despite projecting confidence, their self-perception is fragile, leading to sensitivity to criticism and defensive reactions.⁴

Interpersonal Exploitation

Interpersonal exploitation involves manipulating others for personal gain. Narcissistic personality disorder and relationships are rooted in a lack of empathy and a focus on self-interest and frequently emerge in various work, friendships, or romantic relationships. Tactics like narcissistic manipulation, deceit, or coercion may be used to exploit others to fulfill the narcissist’s needs and desires.

Need for Admiration

The incessant need for admiration is a defining trait of NPD, characterizing a constant desire for praise and validation. Individuals often engage in attention-seeking behaviors to reinforce their inflated self-image. This need for admiration can strain relationships, requiring others to cater to the narcissist’s ego and triggering adverse reactions to perceived criticism or lack of attention.

Lack of Empathy

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is marked by a profound lack of empathy, a core characteristic that impedes the ability to understand or share the feelings of others. Individuals will often prioritize their own needs and desires over the well-being of others, resulting in emotionally one-sided and exploitative relationships. This lack of empathy hinders genuine connections.

Covert Narcissism

Covert narcissism, often referred to as vulnerable or shy narcissism, involves a more concealed expression of self-centered traits. Covert narcissists hide their need for admiration behind a facade of humility and apparent self-sacrifice. Despite appearing sensitive and introverted, they still have an underlying preoccupation with their needs and lack genuine empathy for others.⁵

Envy or Belief Others Are Envious

Individuals with this subtype frequently experience intense feelings of envy and may assume others harbor similar sentiments toward them. This characteristic, rooted in an exaggerated sense of self-importance and constant comparison with others, can lead to defensive behaviors and strained interpersonal relationships.

Arrogant Attitude

Arrogance is a prominent subtype of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), marked by an overbearing sense of superiority and condescension towards others. Individuals with this subtype often exhibit a haughty demeanor, maintaining a belief in their inherent superiority, contributing to challenges in forming and sustaining meaningful relationships.

>Different Types of Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

At The Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Treatment Center in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, our team of dedicated professionals is ready to guide you. We offer IOP and a variety of treatments programs, each uniquely designed to meet your needs. So don’t wait, reach out to us today! Either give us a call or fill up the form below to request a callback.

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What are Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms?

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, often leading to impaired functioning in various aspects of an individual’s life. Narcissistic personality disorder symptoms can manifest in a range of behaviors and attitudes, impacting relationships, work, and overall well-being.

Using the “SPECIAL ME” acronym can aid in recognizing and understanding the key signs of NPD, facilitating awareness, and prompting appropriate intervention when necessary. Each letter corresponds to a specific trait:⁶

S.P.E.C.I.A.L.M.E

S – Sense of Self-Importance: Individuals with NPD often exhibit an exaggerated sense of their own importance, considering themselves unique and deserving of special treatment.
P – Preoccupation with Power, Beauty, or Success: This common characteristic reflects the individual’s intense focus on external markers of prestige.
E – Entitled: Individuals with NPD may display a pervasive sense of entitlement, expecting special privileges or unquestioning compliance with their desires.
C – Can Only Be Around People Who Are Important or Special: A limited social circle is a notable behavior, as individuals with NPD prefer associating only with those they perceive as important or special.
I – Interpersonally Exploitative for Their Own Gain: Exploitation of others for personal gain is a recurrent theme, as individuals with NPD may manipulate relationships to serve their own needs and desires.
A – Arrogant: An arrogant demeanor is a distinctive feature characterized by condescension and a belief in their inherent superiority over others.
L – Lack of Empathy: A significant hallmark of NPD is a profound lack of empathy, hindering the ability to understand or share the feelings of others.
M – Must Be Admired: Individuals with NPD exhibit a relentless need for admiration, seeking constant validation to reinforce their inflated self-image.
E – Envious of Others or Believe That Others Are Envious of Them: Feelings of intense envy or a belief that others harbor envy towards them is a common theme, rooted in a constant comparison with peers.

>What are Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms?

What is a Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Center?

A narcissistic personality disorder treatment center is a healthcare facility dedicated to evaluating, diagnosing, and treating individuals with NPD. These rehabilitation centers typically assemble a team of mental health experts, all of whom possess specialized knowledge in managing personality disorders. The goal is to deliver comprehensive care, targeting narcissistic personality disorder symptoms and the underlying factors contributing to the condition.

Treatment modalities often revolve around psychotherapy, particularly approaches designed to heighten self-awareness, foster empathy, and modify maladaptive behaviors. Group therapy may also be integrated, offering individuals opportunities for interaction with others who share similar challenges. These recovery centers strive to assist individuals in coping with their symptoms, enhancing their interpersonal relationships, and improving their overall life satisfaction.

Types of Treatment Programs for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

While there isn’t a definitive cure for NPD, psychotherapy, particularly approaches that focus on increasing self-awareness and fostering empathy is often a primary intervention for managing NPD. Below, we’ll explore a few of the potential narcissistic personality disorder treatment programs available.

Partial Hospitalization Program for NPD

A Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP) tailored for NPD operates as an intensive outpatient initiative, strategically blending therapeutic interventions to address the intricate dynamics inherent in NPD. This specialized program adeptly navigates the multifaceted manifestations of grandiosity in narcissism, fostering insight into self-importance and cultivating empathy.

Emphasizing a nuanced approach, the PHP for NPD engages individuals in targeted psychotherapy sessions, encouraging introspection to recalibrate interpersonal dynamics and mitigate the exploitative tendencies often associated with this disorder. Comprehensive, intensive care in a structured setting, where individuals navigate the intricate terrain of narcissistic traits, distinguishes this program as an innovative, tailored intervention for NPD.

Intensive Outpatient Program for NPD

An Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) for NPD intricately combines therapeutic approaches to unravel the complexities of NPD manifestations. This program employs a blend of cognitive restructuring and psychodynamic exploration, aiming to deconstruct entrenched narcissistic traits and patterns. Through fostering self-reflection and recalibrating interpersonal dynamics, an IOP seeks transformative change for individuals dealing with the nuanced challenges of NPD.

Outpatient Program for NPD

Treatment for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) can be complex. An outpatient program is designed to address the subtleties of NPD in a more flexible setting. The outpatient treatment center employs personalized therapeutic strategies, blending cognitive restructuring and psychodynamic exploration, to help individuals unravel deep-seated narcissistic traits.

Residential Treatment for NPD

Residential treatment facility for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) provides an immersive, structured environment for comprehensive intervention. In an inpatient treatment center, individuals with NPD engage in intensive therapeutic modalities, addressing the core features of the disorder. The residential approach allows for focused and continuous care, fostering a transformative experience for those grappling with NPD.

Medication-Assisted Treatment for NPD

While there isn’t a direct medication for treating narcissistic personality disorder, certain medications can address symptoms associated with related conditions such as anxiety or depression. Examples of medications that may be beneficial for managing symptoms of NPD-related conditions include antidepressants, antianxiety medications (anxiolytics), antipsychotic medications, and certain anticonvulsants.

Anticonvulsant medications, primarily designed to treat seizures, can also contribute to mood stabilization, with substances like lamotrigine demonstrating potential efficacy in this regard. These medications are typically employed as part of a broader treatment approach that involves psychotherapy and other therapeutic interventions.⁷

>Types of Treatment Programs for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

How to Find Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment Centers in Florida

The Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Center distinguishes itself as a leader in mental health, emphasizing unique, critical elements that set us apart from conventional rehabilitation centers. Our methodology is proactive, practical, and adaptable. With a focus primarily on mental health, our accredited specialty treatment center offers evidence-based programs for various mental health issues, including narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).

To learn more, call 877-958-9212, keeping in mind that we offer comfortable accommodations for individuals coming from out of state, ensuring a seamless transition into our highly effective treatment programs. Alternatively, you can visit our mental health treatment center at the address provided below:

The Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Center, 7710 NW 71ST CT, Tamarac, Florida, 33321

Steps to Finding an NPD Treatment Center

Conduct online research using targeted keywords such as “narcissistic personality disorder attack treatment” or ” narcissistic personality disorder therapy near me.”
Explore reputable online directories like Psychology Today, GoodTherapy, HealthGrades, or TherapyDen to identify therapists and treatment centers specializing in narcissistic personality disorder.
Seek recommendations from your primary care physician, healthcare providers, or other individuals within your network familiar with narcissistic personality disorder treatment.
Ask your insurance provider to inquire about in-network narcissistic personality disorder therapy options, wellness centers, and medical treatment centers.
Explore local healthcare directories, both online and in print, for information on providers and listings of centers offering treatment for narcissistic personality disorder in your area.
Reach out to mental health organizations such as NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness) or SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) for directories of mental health providers and services specializing in NPD and related concerns.
Utilize social media platforms to discover Facebook groups or local community forums that provide recommendations for healthcare providers and therapy clinics specializing in NPD.
Reach out to universities and medical schools, as many offer integrative treatment centers and research-based programs for narcissistic personality disorder.
Read online reviews to gain insights into others’ experiences with behavioral health centers and mental health professionals specializing in NPD.Top of Form

Call Now: (877) 958-9212NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER HOTLINE

>How to Find Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment Centers in Florida

Types of Therapy and Counseling for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder therapy and counseling involves therapeutic approaches aimed at fostering self-awareness, empathy, and healthier interpersonal dynamics. While there is no one-size-fits-all solution, various types of therapy and counseling have shown efficacy in addressing the challenges associated with NPD. Below, we’ve provided a few examples of these interventions.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) exhibits the potential to address specific facets of NPD. Integrating cognitive-behavioral techniques with mindfulness strategies, DBT assists in handling intense emotions, refining interpersonal skills, and cultivating healthier coping mechanisms. Emphasizing emotional regulation and the development of a balanced self-perception, DBT promotes more adaptive behaviors and fosters improved relationships.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) proves effective in tackling the unique difficulties linked to NPD. CBT operates on the premise that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected by recognizing and altering negative narcissistic behavior patterns and ideas. CBT provides practical tools for managing distorted thinking, fostering emotional regulation, and facilitating positive behavioral and relationship changes.

Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Therapy

Psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapy is a therapeutic approach that delves into the underlying unconscious processes and early life experiences that contribute to the development of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). This form of therapy explores inner conflicts, defense mechanisms, and unresolved issues that may influence self-perception and interpersonal relationships.

Through a collaborative and exploratory process, individuals gain insight into the roots of their narcissistic traits, allowing for a deeper understanding and potential transformation of maladaptive patterns. While these forms of therapy may not be a standalone solution, they can be a valuable element in a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals seeking to address the complexities of NPD.

Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Mindfulness-based therapy offers a contemplative approach to addressing specific aspects of NPD. Rooted in practices that cultivate present-moment awareness, mindfulness aims to help individuals with NPD become more attuned to their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By fostering non-judgmental self-reflection, mindfulness-based therapy encourages individuals to observe and accept their experiences without attachment or avoidance.

This process can contribute to increased emotional regulation, a heightened sense of self-awareness, and a potential shift towards more adaptive, empathetic ways of engaging with oneself and others. While not a singular solution, mindfulness-based therapy can complement other therapeutic modalities in a comprehensive treatment plan.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) combines mindfulness practices with cognitive-behavioral techniques, offering a specialized approach to addressing aspects of NPD. Aimed at preventing depressive episodes, MBCT fosters awareness of thoughts and feelings without judgment, enhancing self-awareness and emotional regulation. While not a standalone solution, MBCT can be a valuable component in a comprehensive plan in the treatment for narcissistic personality disorder.

Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)

Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) is grounded in psychodynamic principles. TFP focuses on exploring the transference relationship—transferring emotions and experiences from past relationships onto the therapist. In the context of NPD, TFP helps individuals become aware of and understand their intense, often distorted feelings towards the therapist, providing insights into their interpersonal patterns and internal conflicts.

TFP aims to dismantle dysfunctional defense mechanisms and encourage healthier interpersonal functioning by examining the distortions in the therapeutic relationship. This process allows individuals with NPD to gain a deeper understanding of their emotional responses, fostering increased self-awareness and providing a foundation for more adaptive ways of relating to others outside the therapeutic setting. While TFP requires commitment and time, it has shown promise in helping individuals with NPD navigate and transform complex relational dynamics.

Schema-Focused Therapy

Schema-Focused Therapy targets ingrained patterns called schemas that contribute to NPD. Addressing maladaptive beliefs through cognitive and behavioral techniques, the therapy seeks to modify negative schemas related to NPD, fostering healthier beliefs and behaviors. This approach, integrated into a comprehensive treatment plan, aims to bring lasting changes in self-perception and interpersonal relationships.

Support and Group Therapy

Support and group therapy are essential components for addressing NPD. In a group setting, individuals with NPD can share experiences, gain insights, and receive peer feedback. Group therapy also provides a structured environment to practice and improve interpersonal skills, contributing to a more comprehensive approach to managing and transforming the dynamics associated with NPD.

>Types of Therapy and Counseling for Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Does Insurance Cover Treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Insurance coverage for NPD treatment can vary. While mental health services are generally covered, specific policies may differ in the extent of coverage. It’s advisable to determine the details of your plan and the degree of financial support available by calling 877-958-9212. We can clarify the details of your rehab insurance coverage related to treatment for narcissistic personality disorder.

Which Health Insurance Providers Cover NPD?

Coverage for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) varies among major health insurance including providers like Blue Cross Blue Shield, UnitedHealthcare, Aetna, Cigna, and Humana. Mental health services are generally covered, but the specifics for NPD may differ. It’s essential to review your individual policy and consult directly with the insurance provider to understand the extent of coverage for NPD treatment.

For comprehensive information about your coverage, we encourage you to contact us. Our team can assist you in thoroughly reviewing your policy documents to ensure your specific needs are adequately addressed. In addition to clarifying coverage details, we are also available to explore potential financial assistance options tailored to your circumstances. Your well-being is our priority, and we are here to support you in navigating the complexities of insurance coverage for narcissistic personality disorder and more.

>Does Insurance Cover Treatment for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Testing and Free Assessment

At the Sylvia Brafman Mental Health Center, we conduct in-depth assessments for individuals struggling with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), co-occurring disorders, and diverse mental health challenges. Utilizing evidence-based evaluations and interviews, our professional, expert-level team thoroughly understands NPD symptoms and their impact on daily functioning.

Embark on a transformative journey towards an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan for NPD through our personalized programs crafted to address your distinct needs. Call 877-958-9212 to schedule your free assessment today. Committed to delivering holistic and empathetic care, our comprehensive evaluations are the cornerstone for formulating a precise and effective NPD diagnosis and treatment strategy.

What is the NPD Therapy Program Admissions Process?

The narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) therapy and treatment program admissions process varies among treatment centers but typically involves the initiation of contact. Next, a comprehensive assessment and evaluation unfold, utilizing discussions, interviews, and potential psychological assessments to delve into your distinctive needs, challenges, and the presence of NPD. See below for the following steps:

Admissions Process

Insurance Clarification and Coverage: The center will assist you in navigating the insurance verification process, ensuring a clear understanding of coverage specifics for NPD treatment.
Development of Tailored Treatment: A customized treatment plan is formulated based on assessment outcomes. This plan is uniquely crafted to tackle the intricate aspects of NPD, integrating evidence-backed interventions and therapeutic methods.
Coordination of Admission Logistics: The admissions team collaborates with you to organize the practicalities of your program entry. This encompasses finalizing paperwork, scheduling, and furnishing any necessary pre-admission instructions.
Initiation and Program Introduction: Upon admission, an orientation acquaints you with the program’s structure, rules, and environment. This initiation ensures you feel at ease and well-informed about the path ahead.
Active Engagement in Therapeutic Journey: Immerse yourself in the dynamic and cooperative process of therapy and treatment. This may encompass one-on-one counseling, group therapy, and tailored therapeutic activities addressing NPD and any associated concerns.
Continuous Progress Monitoring and Adjustments: Your advancement is consistently assessed, and the treatment plan is adapted as required. This fluid approach guarantees the continued effectiveness and alignment of interventions with your evolving needs throughout the program.

How Much Does Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) Treatment Cost in Florida?

The cost of NPD treatment in Florida can vary widely based on multiple factors, including the type of treatment, the program duration, the specific services offered, and the facility’s amenities. Individual therapy costs typically range from $100-$200 per session without insurance, with a median of $130. Furthermore, CBT sessions usually range from $60 to $200 per session.⁸

If you seek treatment for NPD but face financial limitations, treatment centers may provide financial aid or structured payment options to enhance accessibility. Before starting treatment, learn about the costs and understand how you need to make payments. To understand the expenses associated with your condition, reach out at 877-958-9212 for a detailed assessment.

Statistics on Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Most individuals with NPD are hesitant to acknowledge the possibility of having the condition and pursuing treatment.⁹ Nevertheless, if you or someone you love identifies symptoms and suspects NPD, schedule an appointment with a healthcare professional immediately. Dial our hotline number
Narcissistic abuse syndrome, also known as narcissistic victim syndrome, is an informal term employed to evaluate the extent of harm caused by narcissistic abuse.¹⁰
Narcissistic parenting often results in life-lasting behavioral issues accompanied by the potential for high vulnerability in children.¹¹
The prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is not definitively established. Research data suggests that the disorder may affect between 0.5% and 5% of individuals in the United States.¹²
Approximately 50% to 75% of cases impact individuals who are men or assigned male at birth (AMAB). Nonetheless, numerous individuals conceal narcissistic beliefs or behaviors, referred to as “covert narcissism.”
Within the forensic population, NPD is identified in 6% of cases. In the military population, encompassing both the actual disorder and narcissistic traits, it is observed in 20%. Additionally, among first-year medical students, the prevalence is 17%.¹³
A notably higher prevalence of NPD is observed among Black men and women, Hispanic women, younger adults, and individuals who were separated, divorced, widowed, or had never been married.¹⁴
High co-occurrence rates of substance use, mood and anxiety disorders, and other personality disorders are also observed in individuals with NPD.
The spectrum of narcissism extends from a healthy and typical expression to a pathological and highly malignant manifestation. It is intricately linked to the regulation of self-esteem and emotions and the perception of control and competence.¹⁵
Individuals with NPD often experience fluctuations between grandiose and depleted states influenced by life circumstances. Alternatively, some may exhibit a combination of both features.¹⁶
A 2020 study states that transference-focused psychotherapy for NPD helps individuals to identify and change negative ways of thinking about themselves and others that underlie their atypical behavior.¹⁷
Depressed older adults with narcissistic personality traits may be at higher risk for suicide, according to some findings.¹⁸

Sources

Drescher, Anna. “What Is Narcissistic Rage: How to Protect Yourself From the Angry Narcissist.” Simply Psychology, 2 Nov. 2023, www.simplypsychology.org/narcissistic-rage.html.
“Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
Lancer, Darlene, JD, LMFT. “Know the Kind of Narcissist You’re Dealing With and Symptoms: Types of Narcissists Have Different Behavior, but They Share Two Core Symptoms.” Psychology Today, 6 Mar. 2021, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/toxic-relationships/202103/know-the-kind-narcissist-youre-dealing-and-symptoms.
Patterson, Eric, LPC. “Grandiose Narcissism: What It Is, Signs, and How to Deal With It.” Choosing Therapy, 18 Aug. 2023, www.choosingtherapy.com/grandiose-narcissism.
Pugle, Michelle. “What Makes Covert Narcissist Traits Different?” Verywell Health, 9 July 2023, www.verywellhealth.com/covert-narcissistic-personality-disorder-5212505.
Biggers, Larissa. “9 Signs of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” Duke Health, 15 Dec. 2022, www.dukehealth.org/blog/9-signs-of-narcissistic-personality-disorder.
“Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder#management-and-treatment. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
Haragutchi, Hart, MA, LMHCA. “How Much Does Therapy Cost?” Choosing Therapy, 19 July 2023, www.choosingtherapy.com/cost-of-therapy.
Smith, Melinda, MA. “Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” HelpGuide.org, 28 Mar. 2023, www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder.htm.
Gillis, Kaytlyn, LCSW-BACS. “16 Signs of Narcissistic Abuse & Victim Syndrome.” Choosing Therapy, 14 June 2023, www.choosingtherapy.com/narcissistic-abuse-syndrome.
Jabeen, Fakhra, et al. “Healing the Next Generation: An Adaptive Agent Model for the Effects of Parental Narcissism.” Brain Informatics, vol. 8, no. 1, Mar. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40708-020-00115-z.
“Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” Cleveland Clinic, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorder. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
Ambardar, Sheenie, MD. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology. emedicine.medscape.com/article/1519417-overview#a1?form=fpf. Accessed 24 Nov. 2023.
Stinson, Frederick S., et al. “Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 69, no. 7, July 2008, pp. 1033–45. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0701.
Ronningstam, Elsa, PhD. “New Insights Into Narcissistic Personality Disorder.” Psychiatric Times, 29 Feb. 2016, www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/new-insights-narcissistic-personality-disorder.
Caligor, Eve, et al. “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges.” American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 172, no. 5, May 2015, pp. 415–22. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723.
Diamond, Diana, and Richard G. Hersh. “Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for Narcissistic Personality Disorder: An Object Relations Approach.” Journal of Personality Disorders, vol. 34, no. Supplement, Mar. 2020, pp. 159–76. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2020.34.supp.159.
Heisel, Marnin J., et al. “Narcissistic Personality and Vulnerability to Late-Life Suicidality.” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 9, Sept. 2007, pp. 734–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jgp.0000260853.63533.7d.